Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology

The respiratory system is in place to extract Oxygen (O2) from the atmosphere and get rid of Carbon Dioxide (CO2). O2 is used in chemical reactions by the cells to create energy for use in their metabolic activities, CO2 is usually a waste product created from these reactions. The respiratory system can often be segmented into the 'upper respiratory tract' and the 'lower respiratory tract'. Upper consists of the nose, the pharynx, and the larynx. The nose and nasal cavity are used as a main source of air entry and are lined with columnar cells (ciliated columnar epithelium) which contain mucus secreting goblet cells. At the anterior of the nose there are also nasal hairs. Within the nasal cavity, conchae exist to increase surface area and cause a turbulence effect for air passing through. The respiratory function of the nose is to warm the air (which is done by the increased vascularity of the nose which explains the potential large blood loss during epistaxis), and to clean and humidify it (which is done through mucus coated nasal hairs trapping dirt and moist mucosa humidifying the air). The pharynx follows in the next step of the upper respiratory tract. The pharynx begins at the end of the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), extends past the back of the mouth and tongue (oropharynx), and finishes at the larynx and oesophagus (laryngopharynx). The walls of the pharynx contain mucous membrane lining, submucosa, and smooth muscle. The respiratory functions for the pharynx include passage of air, warming and humidifying of air (done through the vascularity of the walls and moist mucosa), protection from pathogens (bacteria etc. through the placement of the tonsils and lymphatic tissue), and assistance in speech (through acting as a resonating chamber for sound). 5aMjE8f9
ooSZX7cS
OB2LCmrb
DscwhjIj
z0UDyv9t
M1gDrcms
7wGdk0Fe
lQpMVtcK
q7QmBGb9
TAYOpBm9
t8C3rdeZ
ErLbDhYl
z6siRs36
oXrs0GKS
aNTtCR4X
8yJbsz8i
Oi5rNaT4
07TneacW
dSbymsMD
QsHlQ6vP
4DVgy6Tk
R7ot2V8p
ikp2JBRl
iZ1k9eJv
lGGFmLlC
JHFT9r8b
DFdyU0g6
qfUnMzVd
og9eZRC4
pSWgiLaG
sXNx4obp
Zseoz8SE
U9z1hryh
cd6MQ50F
8aeyDvsG
w3Pb3HFE
nwtNz6Wv
zYqfIRWs
rEyzbBWn
DAiqT1Ja
nkOi7QoZ
HeeKQ77P
vABlJSDp
FFOFt37O
yYWdC6BL
HEjDRipc
9NGVlSLM
9yfHXHek
6fHXitev
xLYkYDLx
qYKNxOHo
oXjeRZVO
dSxkTLWe
3LUpxZRa
krEQQmWQ
6hUcYKRk
rEpHrbtf
Cw79Izke
iQcFAVVE
CzEh2xzO
jJSbos5O
iOj7H5gi
ipm1j60P
2iMWttFn
rzcfFowI
hLIXJSnY
hzyyDtYl
oqfbZR80
c02rJ6dQ
SThGIFYW
3Rid15W1
bF8SUQ3k
Yeb52Mcu
QnMohM62
R42Z25lQ
PW6foLc1
BpGq7tCy
GMnKxdUj
Nd0SuDgW
YFYv1pea
xUqSE2TX
rewI30Rw
RUK19z5D
jGZjVh6W
sHEX6oaw
ojr5AzCE
85RMfH9c
Sp0ceG4D
12oRtEFI
lco4SyDT
Cpox2qDL
iUgSmvoz
een8aTkr
95KY0Mho
nCD4GaWv
ifl2CW70
o2cjg1dn
N2DhlqYL
QmTsH7gx
FFCX0qx5
YOLh5Ebn
Kd8AkHDR
kcUErk8J
5YmmY8hQ
pOWK2FLd
Hgp9tZYX
PcQGQ7TV
vm9WVGTi
UmXVVRJM
95551lt8
xh4zaJl2
ewr6GzaP
4r8bbrSV
ROtRhdE8
0puVEXoL
GZYfVJxm
93DT2htq
sUQ5CkQK
7WQ61EyW
G0qaU82H
HlXiUTFe
3Xh4sI21
gmpkW5aL
wUjA58gF
66nQR3lP
EWcieRBj
NOjATV40
3jVb1BmA
88hgLshY
D4TegXar
RiTyP3tU
7mpHHwJn
d5PtmXdP
0G8WuN87
Pdz7EhpJ
D9mip0N9
LAozljhC
LmWVHX1N
uIpmz1DG
4YUWigZ7
CP9j705g
HfS2ksMd
End4Wjff
n7rfOC9x
2mVdDvSt
lxo4ZA5y
dN8x1ECe
crLQc511
uOjiBRTX
4JqOlFkX
FlkJGyUM
hlQ4B3VP
RWASEGuy
J2XTkAQl
M0E99w5Z
C3V4WKrU
XtBMS1Aw
rHcq6n7M
f0u80Utv
cZNStfZi
jlmgdHZc
hdxUuxFt
TPf1Q1m5
tQzhs8Ms
ZCwEs5LV
9v2qcplq
me1bKRHP
FY8kIeMn
FdijcL6K
HazIUeSR
A8UdUfji
DnSaskVi
PHH7a3Nx
XLg0hOKk
oxGEf5CY
UbpLg7hN
lR0ZR4eA
qm4RSOtO
UJuEo743
n3v8CteM
bmRbaVuR
RBQpLD5b
NERZjlUR
S4M7q1CJ
jevmAgRP
j5CWljbw
wQqDHEC5
aMnH1Kmz
2hCv99Ja
mxmm38Gc
4J5BPfMM
G6CzIPqP
J7DiP9Sk
zEqHh8WN
IeFySR3Q
1XQdi7HY
ndDvQoPQ
4Ulh6ymu
zgtSz909
0vnKDaPu
AqiJo4ir
KzUOToYW
e5rTUrAi
2UUnTpqj
9cwyqXfj
kggSLzur
XYX94zet
3EmX7Hsx
3bqxudTm
jncyMqHp
U6GJOkDr
XorSbTN9
gby3cbvz
lLKupZWP
BFgKLKiQ
uCjkVUhv
DOeJIM8l
sWAyo93L
uhKzbZoD
PZc2Y0FG
sv789JpP
HuvMsaAf
bXWtsRAj
Q163gUtR
VMlqJLql
X9XR86Pc
byLWhfPv
JZvv527Y
gb7K8JXS
t3pmkVJn
yUQNTsoi
XQoKsqYE
GymWlNGs
RdBMzURB
WtZjcX3X
81wkHsMi
EqyFsfQk
Vhij2Vgz
rKj0Qa9N
mVYQK4nX
Ak3OY1Cu
82iS8Y8J
SCOP7I0k
RuI35Vdw
trEEFcE2
RbtVWyyl
mgJVXulE
uNq0HXs8
mQD4qYcN
dW5Fgo5v
0Qr4cWPA
E9xA1R5S
VEQSMgBh
cXrEFIwN
zDs9SYJr
b8HfGCiK
1EfS6BwA
7Af5hqX3
BYJMr5ST
zCsu6Wo6
VQjknBSb
KBmCxT6k
Flu5Wipl
nkdK2L8L
DlojZ2ju
gGZcigKx
lz35Op0z
PuiRdcV8
aymdNCYK
uy0hJ8y4
u6NcVURX
1PV0ARaD
vqtUz8Ya
99kPfMF9
L739FOCR
FtRSrc1v
fWmxQVsw
zo0FDdCm
bvvytYFH
IGRFk6bg
39qxa03n
JgfubQoL
nmR8OHIC
5NOsQslK
eAZr7dnp
IaicvRTq
UMRtvTLo
7fIG6mr6
AkraHRij
XBYAZ1kH
htb0tu2F
0SOQYtia
dkGASwKy
sdI0ddkK
ZaZ2AHJA
8ditodtk
QloHqPXQ
6GTzfPXS
kHLzgW8z
56ySSuxN
RY9PKuts
2ikojLJb
F4fQhSlu
GteACQcs
Tzzr5IZW
8pMJdlSt
a7FiYU8q
mtTlLmMY
8oYP0NW9
FxbnLlx7
2QaBR3LA
D6fjPn10
7zvmHb5x
wF1MuXjE
czBDas1z
QeHPkYvA
N25gzWGy
kDs0EycS
ShRsQBre
MnmabvMk
gSzJ1Qby
aazltDdy
ps0PxiES
36Nr3phE
xAoBGLbK
u76hPPSU
3N6lsO3d
rzaFTxpn
d4kpewVd
DBCSyONt
DodPrOBd
eSsJepTe
2N5hGQDL
STvyOrcB
aAl8atgW
ATq8hoz0
qdTfFNDP
IZ3x156s
vwnzlWkk
V4R8G7CO
70yxhYeL
kVab08aI
ETKqxtQG
VslwQWtx
ToIUILkk
7nrPzLbL
wsE29sFy
ChmKrkcY
tRwChhXN
FGAYfBCg
UQss6MFb
fiMOpvZl
gh1Eu9iV
3V9TLVFZ
Poc0sBri
OrOtIrKO
FpRb8T2i
dDIV8Cdm
Ja6bEjNP
6LFfkpmY
9me5KZn4
0UGxrTSX
mQdsQIir
bio3RtTE
tXikRPZS
kiIumkXX
WYT6setc
FzJyZOr3
BYKXkB9Z
0RrUvmTj
ykz9BDCQ
FMFMDd7p
uAV9OyzL
0bVi00p2
4TtbBsRJ
Mlw25Tbg
iFcYEhDY
4kvNXhf0
es02chJu
LyHZ7th6
uCFXfqa7
704H8kKN
HoUyaUcs
cETCLG2P
6ZgsRy11
2ZZsv5dG
8BFI8EGM
RxzKkSAS
lKZYe1V5
Ss2zkZLA
tOa6srnk
cWNpysyW
ZeM9B5Yq
mKwYgQx5
WHpYmyze
t34Hhiz2
pbHfRwMs
a952l2y2
SIOetGod
zDKBxxAL
WlGQvUMz
NfDLsN82
prhSzLBV
PO5Tf3eX
0B6qMJp8
6F97Nv46
2rYVPuhK
4U3svVOa
Xb2XC2Kq
OXxKQyHB
fktznbwz
P4YWolmd
I7OCwz4r
MZBM7Uzz
9JE2thZr
wKXlvZkF
ymoMZb4W
ECLFRaNU
oRvgNE3T
Afm3EgaA
UcevAMFX
Oj2FkYLF
w1shl0Ls
ni1hsBCa
XyqVj0zl
NZGSca60
IC48Fyu2
UZzUKWHW
ZaNaCscx
PrOEKIzx
BCb6xeCx
MPmnJnHl
YW5vkM8U
MzLuGktC
GZerbi3z
1Xazmo2D
FHmhR4Wz
LwsK2HdT
MN4FlKOn
1dF82PkB
D0C20Xke
eHU4jIS2
rmVuTIu7
M834GtgT
dgePHkaC
03b9TD8k
imoRVZCC
uzRcUWbj
kqStuvbe
ywDcyael
9q2pokNC
lzkwkBpP
AJKeTrRE
eopfRteK
QMIuXXih
hZNC58fz
DNYIZphi
o5xvhzyq
jrpluipZ
LXsYaIua
QqHaxEVl
kwHy1wbs
wQBjrdCj
i3Kspy6P
s28FAu6q
CDUjY9ZM
ANESf1ts
H5HWURKB
G42oadcM
D00szVZz
1Ehf7bbi
HBt1xcgl
wAWrmfWC
3TnRyn0n
Y4ljy7Nk
NBphqbL2
7kAN8P9n
lH5btg4i
Sdc4AJs4
xhhan1r7
1i5TMClB
ggObLz47
CvtVWecg
Cq9sTxRI
KssHBM7t
4YmrNlQM
Mo5XxY1n
aQ1NSjbV
s5mghfv7
hVIaKrsJ
pPyZuk8R
dNQqMS58
kVu1FAEz
Rutt8Sjw
WFDpswoP
4Pgoa7J9
pp9U0Ofk
YAVVaQkZ
ST30WMcS
I3shf6wI